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The study of ancient inscriptions or writings can be divided into two categories: 

 - Paleography is the study of ancient handwriting, regardless of the language used. It aims to decipher and interpret handwritten texts, such as charters, diplomas and archives, taking into account the evolution of forms and graphic systems over time. This discipline is essential for historians and archivists, as it enables them to better understand ancient documents and produce reliable editions.

- Epigraphy is the scientific study of inscriptions engraved on durable materials such as stone and metal. An indispensable tool for history and archaeology. Its aim is to establish the content of the texts, to propose a transcription, translation and dating, and to place them in their cultural and historical context.